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《纽约时报》(英語:The New York Times,缩写:NYT,简称:NY Times),有时也被称为《时报》(The Times,注意和英国《泰晤士报》区分),是一份总部设在纽约的美国报纸,创办于1851年,其影响力和读者群覆盖全球。绰号“灰色女士”(the Gray Lady),在业内一直被视为全国性的“档

纽约时报

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科,自由的百科全书
纽约时报
The New York Times
所有适合刊载的新闻
All the News That's Fit to Print
1851年9月18日创刊号頭版
類型日报
版式大报
持有者纽约时报公司
創辦者亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德
乔治·琼斯
出版商阿瑟·格瑞格·索尔兹伯格
編輯迪恩·巴奎特英语Dean Baquet
执行主编周看
社评编辑凯瑟琳·金斯伯里英语Kathleen Kingsbury(代理)
体育编辑杰森·斯托曼
摄影编辑米歇尔·麦克纳利
作者群1,300名新闻部门人员(2016年)
創刊日1851年9月18日,​174年前​(1851-09-18(最初為《紐約每日時報》)
政治立場自由主義
总部 美国纽约第八大道620号纽约时报大厦
發行量
  • 每日平均571,500份(周一至周五)
  • 平均1,087,500份(周日)
  • 數碼版訂戶超過220萬(截至2016財年(印刷版)/2017年5月(數碼版訂戶))
ISSN0362-4331
OCLC 编号1645522
售價
  • US $3 周一至周六
  • US $6 周日/感恩节
  • US $1040 全年纸质订阅
網站
  • nytimes.com 編輯維基數據鏈接(中文)
  • www.nytimes.com(英文)

纽约时报》(英語:The New York Times缩写NYT,简称:NY Times),有时也被称为《时报》(The Times,注意和英国《泰晤士报》区分),是一份总部设在纽约美国报纸,创办于1851年,其影响力和读者群覆盖全球。绰号“灰色女士”(the Gray Lady),在业内一直被视为全国性的“档案记录报”。报纸的座右铭是“所有适合刊载的新闻”(All the News That's Fit to Print),出现在头版的左上角。《纽约时报》共获得了130项普利策奖,是获得最多此奖项的报纸。按发行量计算,它在全球排名第18位,在美国排名第3位。

该报纸隶属于上市公司纽约时报公司。自1896年以来,该公司一直通过双层股权结构为索尔兹伯格家族所有。阿瑟·格瑞格·索尔兹伯格和他的父亲小阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格,分别是报纸出版者和公司董事长,是掌管报纸的第四代和第五代家族成员。

从1970年代中期起,《纽约时报》扩展它的版面和组织,在常规新闻、社论、体育和特写的基础上,每周增设各种专题的特别版面。自2008年以来,《纽约时报》已经被组织成以下部分:新闻、社论/观点专栏/评论、纽约(大都市)、商业、体育、艺术、科学、时尚、家庭、旅行和其他特色。星期日,《纽约时报》还会有《星期日评论英语Sunday Review》(Sunday Review)(以前是《评论周刊》(Week in Review)、《紐約時報書評》(The New York Times Book Review)、《纽约时报杂志》(The New York Times Magazine)和《T Magazine》(T: The New York Times Style Magazine)作为补充。

《纽约时报》在大多数报纸改为六栏版面之后,几年来一直保持着大报、整版和八栏版面,也是最后一批采用彩色照片的报纸之一,尤其是在头版。

历史

早期

1851年9月18日,亨利·J·雷蒙德和乔治·琼斯创立了《纽约每日时报》(The New-York Daily Times)。《纽约每日时报》最初由雷蒙德琼斯公司负责发行,早期投资人包括埃德温·巴伯·摩根英语Edwin B. Morgan克里斯托弗·摩根英语Christopher Morgan (politician)和爱德华·B·韦斯利。最初售价为1便士(相当于2020年的0.31美元)。创刊号试图解决发行前对其目的和立场的各种猜测:

在我们认为保守主义对公共利益至关重要的所有情况下,我们将是保守派;而在我们看来需要激进处理和激进改革的所有情况下,我们将是激进派。我们不相信社会上的一切都完全正确或完全错误;好的东西我们希望保留和改进;坏的东西则要消灭或改革。

1852年,《纽约每日时报》的西部分刊《加利福尼亚时报》(The Times of California)创刊,每当纽约邮轮停靠加利福尼亚时,该报就会随船到来。然而,随着加州当地报纸的逐步崛起后,该报逐步衰微。

1857年9月14日,该报纸正式将其名称缩短为《纽约时报》(The New-York Times)。1896年12月1日,“New-York”中的连接号被除去。1861年4月21日,《纽约时报》开始出版周日版,以提供对内战的每日报道。

紐約徵兵暴動期间,《纽约时报》的总部曾遭到袭击。时报创始人之一亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德曾在纽约市政厅对面的柏路上亲自使用加特林机枪阻击暴徒。暴徒后来转移方向袭击霍勒斯·格里利的《纽约论坛报》办公室,最后被渡过東河前来援助曼哈頓政府的布鲁克林市警察击退。

1869年,亨利·雷蒙德去世。雷蒙德去世后,《纽约时报》的发行人一职也由乔治·琼斯接替。

时报广场大厦英语The Times Square Building,1913–2007年间《纽约时报》的总部

1870至1871年间,《纽约时报》的影响力有所增长,期间该报发表了一系列关于纽约市民主党领导人威廉·特威德及“坦慕尼协会”的揭露报道,并使得特威德集团下台。特威德曾试图向《纽约时报》提供500万美元的封口费。

1880年代前的纽约时报社论版文章通常支持共和党候选人的立场,但在这十年里社论版逐步过渡到重视独立、分析性文章的立场。1884年美國總統選舉中,《纽约时报》宣布支持民主党候选人格罗弗·克利夫兰。这一举措使得该报共和党读者数一度骤减(1883–1884年间的收入从18万8000美元降至5万6000美元),但没过多久该报便重拾影响力。

奥克斯时代

紐約時報大廈

1891年琼斯去世后,查尔斯·兰森·米勒英语查尔斯·兰森·米勒和《纽约时报》的其他编辑举资100万美元(约合今日的3600万美元)收购了《纽约时报》,并以纽约时报出版公司的名义负责发行。没过几年,该报又深陷1893年恐慌带来的危机之中。到1896年,该报的发行量已不足为9000份,且每日亏损1000美元。同年,阿道夫·奥克斯花7万5000元收购了濒于破产的时报。

收购《纽约时报》后不久,奥克斯提出了《纽约时报》的格言:“所有值得印刷的新闻”(All the News That's Fit to Print)。该格言最早出现于1896年9月刊中,自1897年初开始被印在头版左上角的方框中。这句格言也是对同行的一句嘲讽,因为,当时包括约瑟夫·普利策的《纽约世界报》和威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特的《纽约日报》在内的一些报纸以对事实和观点的煽情和经常不准确的报道闻名,而这些在19世纪末被称为“黄色新闻”。

一战后的扩张

1942年的紐時辦公室

1935年5月奥克斯去世后一个月,其女婿索尔兹伯格接过时报发行人的大印。索尔兹伯格领导时报度过了经济大萧条的危机和二战的艰苦岁月,在他任内20多年,时报的新闻采访范围进一步扩大,广告收入翻了一倍,技术设备得到极大的更新。

1960年代,纽约时报参与曝光“五角大楼文件”。1964年,纽约时报在纽约时报诉沙利文案中胜诉,确立了言论自由中真实恶意的原则。

《纽约时报》第四代发行人是索尔兹伯格的独子,人称“彭区”的阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格,他励精图治,选拔麦森、罗森索等优秀编辑、经营人才,引进先进技术,开拓多元化经营。彭区在任30年,时报走出了濒临崩溃的困境,积累了雄厚的物质基础,1963年时报的总收入为1亿美元,到1991年,时报总公司的收入已达17亿美元,在这一过程中,《纽约时报》也完成了由家族式经营向市场式经营的转型。

1992年,经过多年培养后,彭区将时报发行人大印传给儿子,这便是《纽约时报》的第五任掌门人——小阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格。小阿瑟比父辈更追逐利润,他试图促成《纽约时报》平民化,使各种人群都能够接受,因此涉及“煽情新闻”,使得《时报》一度失去公众的信任。1996年1月19日,紐約時報網站nytimes.com正式上線。

21世紀

2009年的紐時紐約總部

2008年12月受到次級房貸風暴和延伸的全球經濟衰退影響,出現週轉問題,將總部大樓抵押貸款。2009年1月20日向墨西哥富翁和电信巨头Carlos Slim Helu借款2.50亿。3月9日将新大楼股份作价2.25亿出售回租(sale-leaseback agreement)。保留在2019年之前以2.50亿买回的权利。

2011年3月,引进新的“付费墙”(paywall)商业模式。2012年6月28日,纽约时报中文网上线,旨在向中国读者介绍《纽约时报》的优秀作品。在开通当日,《纽约时报》经过新浪认证的微博帐号就无法转发和评论,第二天更被删除,虽然之后曾经短暂恢复,但最终还是被删除。而《纽约时报》在腾讯、网易、搜狐的账号一样被全部删除。新浪的账号在同年10月10日被恢复。

2012年8月14日,英国广播公司(BBC)前总裁马克·汤普森(Mark Thompson)被任命为《纽约时报》新任执行总裁。2020年7月22日,纽约时报宣布玛丽迪斯·K·莱文(Meredith Kopit Levin)将接替汤普森出任其首席执行官兼总裁;莱文履新的日期為2020年9月8日。

內容

1916年報頭的廣告

銷售

《紐約時報》在2025年8月共有1,188萬訂閱者。其中數位版有113萬、紙本版則有58萬。公司則希望在2027年能把訂閱者提昇至1,500萬。《紐約時報》的主要營收原本以廣告為主,但Vox發現在唐納·川普贏得2016年美國總統選舉後,《紐約時報》的營收已經開始依賴訂閱用戶:在2007年,其廣告收入佔63%、訂閱則為27%;到了2017年,訂閱收入佔61%,廣告收入則佔33%。

2022年,Vox針對《紐約時報》的訂閱者做出深入調查,發現其與美國人口相比「更年長、更富有、膚色更白、且更偏向自由派」。《紐約時報》也為了擴展讀者群而做出很多努力:比方說,他們在2022年就併購與《紐約時報》讀者沒什麼重疊的《The Athletic》以外,還投資了專門做遊戲的「The New York Times Games」、並開展一連串強調訂閱戶多元性的廣告行銷。梅雷迪思·科皮特·萊維恩英语Meredith Kopit Levien在報導中表示《紐約時報》訂閱者的年齡保持穩定不變,而沒有越來越年長。

政治立場

許多意見視《紐約時報》為美國自由派的報紙。皮尤研究中心曾於2014年,針對媒體的政治偏見提出十個問題並加以研究。他們研究的結果,把《紐約時報》的意識形態歸為偏向自由派。2019年,也針對其讀者做調查,發現大約84%的讀者表示自己偏向自由派。《紐約時報》內部試圖平衡其報導範圍,並駁斥左翼認為該報在報導川普時「政治粉飾英语sanewashing」其觀點的指控。

2024年4月,The Intercept取得《紐約時報》的內部備忘錄,發現該報在2023年報導加沙戰爭時,要求記者盡可能避免提及「巴勒斯坦」(Palestine)、「種族滅絕」(genocide)、「難民營英语Attacks on refugee camps in the Gaza war」(refugee camps)等詞,並僅限特定情境下使用。該報調查發現《紐約時報》在報導使用「大屠殺」(massacre)一詞時,有53次用於被巴勒斯坦人殺害的以色列平民,但在面對更多被以色列人殺害的巴勒斯坦平民英语Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war時,只使用一次。作家反加沙戰爭聯盟英语Writers Against the War on Gaza在反錫安主義網站Mondoweiss英语Mondoweiss俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭和加沙戰爭做對比,指責《紐約時報》服膺美國的政治利益。

風格

行文格式

《紐約時報》自1895年創刊以來就維持一種連貫的格式。1999年,《紐約時報》內部將這些格式編列為《紐約時報風格與用語手冊》。

《紐約時報》使用尊称稱呼人名,該報的審稿編輯Merrill Perlman稱此種用法為「文明的象徵」。在《美聯社格式手冊》和《华尔街日报》分別於2020年2023年放棄使用尊稱後,《紐約時報》成為美國唯一還在使用尊稱的全國性日報。這種尊称用法的慣例也使肉卷的歌迷誤以為紐時稱他為「洛夫先生」(Mr. Loaf)。不遵從尊稱慣例的例外有過去的體育版和《紐約時報書評》。根據2011年5月洩漏的備忘錄中,紐時編輯在發表奥萨马·本·拉登之死的報導前,要求把奥萨马·本·拉登的尊稱拿掉。紐約時報的風格手冊要求不對已故歷史人物使用尊稱(例如希特勒、拿破仑、列宁等)。《紐約時報》還會使用學術或軍事頭銜,來稱呼在對應領域表現突出的人。1986年,《紐約時報》以Ms.稱呼女性,並在2015年導入了Mx.英语Mx.的性別中性稱呼。另外,若受訪者有表達偏好的話,《紐約時報》會尊重其偏好,使用有中間名首字母的略稱。例如唐納·川普在《紐約時報》的筆下就是「Donald J. Trump」。

《紐約時報》使用的用詞偏向嚴格:低俗的粗話、短語等不會採用,但不會到非常極端的地步。該報的音樂評論家Kelefa Sanneh英语Kelefa Sanneh表示在加拿大的硬核朋克團體名字「Fucked Up英语Fucked Up」不會出現在《紐約時報》的上面,而是以星號的「********」表示。Sanneh還說「除非美國總統或類似職位的人不小心把這名字說溜嘴了」,不然這名字不會印上去。《紐約時報》在報導迪克·切尼對聯邦參議員派屈克·萊希講粗口時沒有提及切尼說的「fuck」一詞。他們在2010年報導乔·拜登對患者保护与平价医疗法案時,也沒有提及他「big fucking deal」(幹他媽的大案)的評論。粗話政策在川普治下的政府受到嚴格考驗。2016年10月。在報導录影门時候,該報就照述了川普使用的各種粗話,如「fuck」、「pussy」、「bitch」、「tits」等。這是該報首次在頭版刊登粗話。在2017年7月報導時任白宮通訊主管安東尼·斯卡拉穆奇時,該報也照述了他「fucking」與「suck my own cock」的發言。2018年1月,《紐約時報》在頭條報導川普的「shithole countries」發言時,省略了該稱呼,而是以「粗俗語言」稱之。另外在《紐約時報》管理下的Wordle,也禁用了「bitch」、「whore」、「sluts」等答案。

下標

諸如「橡膠產業反彈」這種明顯雙關的文字遊戲,應當如同礦工以金絲雀英语Canary in a coal mine探測礦井空氣般,找個可信的同事測測看。如果他們對標題毫無讚譽之聲,就應該重寫。
《紐約時報風格與用語手冊》

一般而言,《紐約時報》的下標由專門撰寫標題的文字編輯決定。該報的內部指引要求下標要抓住文章要點,但避免透露結尾。其他要求則有謹慎使用俚語、避免小報式下標、結尾詞性不可為介詞、形容詞、冠詞,並避免使用雙關語。《紐約時報》有時候也會出於各種爭議而修改其下標。2019年,川普就當年於埃尔帕索與代顿枪击案後發表相關言論。《紐約時報》針對其言論下標了「川普呼籲團結對抗種族主義」(Trump Urges Unity vs. Racism)。但在FiveThirtyEight的創辦人納特·西爾弗言詞批評後,該報就把下標換為「呼籲對抗仇恨,但不對抗槍支」(Assailing Hate But Not Guns)。

《紐約時報》網路版下標長度沒有印刷版嚴格:印刷版標題必須符合一欄的篇幅,通常為六個字外,標題也必須正確換行,介詞與副詞不能分開。網路版作者可以在事件有後續進展時修改標題,使其更貼合文章內容。2017年3月,川普在接受《時代雜誌》採訪提及特别顾问调查時,指控該報篡改了下標:當時的印刷版使用了「竊聽」(wiretap)一詞,但在前一天的網路版並未使用該詞。《紐約時報》隨後以前文解釋兩者差異。針對首頁文章,《紐約時報》網路版會同時發表兩個不同的標題,以實行A/B測試,並選擇流量最高的標題。

报头

目前《紐約時報》的报头源於1967年並維持至今。亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德在決定最初的報頭時,使用了《泰晤士报》的哥特体「Textura」報頭。該字型曾於罗马帝国的衰落流行一時,並在阿尔琴地區發展出變體。在1857年9月14日更名為《The New-York Times》時,報頭也隨之調整。在乔治·琼斯任內,「N」、「r」與「s」字母的字尾刻意被畫為花體延伸。1894年1月15日,報頭再次修剪字尾,使邊緣更為平滑,並將支撐「T」的筆畫轉為裝飾。1896年12月1日,在阿道夫·奧克斯收購該報後,該報移除了報頭的連字號。1914年12月30日,「h」的降部被縮短。

1967年2月21日,《紐約時報》推行了該報至今最大的報頭改動。當時的字體設計師Ed Benguiat英语Ed Benguiat重新設計了標誌,最顯著的是將箭頭裝飾改為菱形,並移除了此前一直跟在「Times」一詞後面的句點。移除句點引發了相當程度的負面反響。有讀者將這次移除比作「對海伦進行整形手術」。圖片編輯John Radosta與纽约大学教授合作,計算出移除句點為報社節省了41.28美元(相当于2025年的$398.59)。

争议与批评

《紐約時報》自1851年創報後,就涉及多起爭議事件。許多評論指控該報有反猶太情緒、媒體偏見等問題。在報導萨达姆·侯赛因時,其誤導性質的報導,以及對伊拉克战争的作用,也是常被批評的焦點。

封鎖

中国大陆

纽约时报的网站在未知时间被中国大陆防火长城屏蔽,湯馬斯·佛里曼在2001年8月和江泽民见面并询问此事,江泽民表示不知情,时报网站几天后被解除屏蔽。網站于2008年10月16日(周四)晚又被防火长城屏蔽,本次封锁于20日被解除。

在中文網上線的前一天,即2012年6月27日,《纽约时报》在中国大陆各个网站开通认证微博,但一天後,其新浪weibo.com/nytchinese、网易t.163.com/nytchinese、搜狐nytchinese.t.sohu.com及腾讯t.qq.com/nytchinese均被销号。《纽约时报》中文网自2012年6月28日上线以来至2012年10月26日止,整个网站没有被中国大陆完全屏蔽,但会对其中一些当局不愿意看到的文章进行个别动态封锁。而在中文网未推出前,英文网站曾不时被完全封锁。2012年10月26日,中文网刊登了一篇揭露中国领导人家属累积巨额财富的文章《总理家人的隐秘财富》后,nytimes.com全站的IP地址在中国大陆被完全屏蔽,“.nytimes.com”被防火长城加入URL关键字列表。同时,《纽约时报》的新浪微博帐号被强制删除,用户在新浪微博搜索“纽约时报”时,系统会提示“根据相关法律法规和政策,搜索结果未予显示”的信息。

同日,中文网又刊登了一篇文章“《纽约时报》网站在中国大陆遭屏蔽”,表明了自己的观点。另不把《总理家人的隐秘财富》置於頭版。此前,彭博新闻社因报道习近平的财富,网站同样被完全封锁。

GreatFire為《紐約時報》在CloudFlare等雲服務供應商上建立了多個鏡像,並在Github上存放了鏡像的網址,以規避防火長城的封鎖。2015年3月,Github及這些雲服務供應商皆遭到分佈式阻斷服務攻擊攻擊。在這些攻擊中,防火長城似乎被用作了武器,將流經它的海量網絡流量中的一部分,指向這些網站,使目標網站過載。北京中央政府的這種做法,既利用也損害了本國的互聯網公司百度,它是中國最大的搜索引擎。那些攻擊手段似乎劫持了本應流向百度的廣告和分析流量,然後再將那些流量轉移到較小的網站上。巨大的數據流可以起到讓那些網站癱瘓的效果。

2015年7月,《纽约时报》发布了新版本中文手机应用,采用了不同的文章检索方式,能够绕过防火墙的封锁。但在2016年底,时报的中英两版应用在苹果公司App Store中国区均遭下架,苹果公司称“被告知该应用违反当地法规”。《纽约时报》方面要求苹果公司重新考虑此决定,向国家互联网信息办公室提出疑问则未得到回应。英國《金融時報》記者Patrick McGee在其2025年的《Apple in China》一書中引述當時的蘋果App Store負責人Philip Shoemaker說,中國政府最初要求蘋果將《紐約時報》app在全球——而非僅中國地區——App Store下架,被蘋果拒絕。(《Apple in China》第32章)

纽约时报题材作品

书籍
  • 《Kingdom and power》
  • 《The Trust:Private and powerful Family behind the NYT》
  • 《Page One: Inside The New York Times and the Future of Journalism》by David Folkenflik and Participant Media
纪录片
  • 同名纪录片 by Andrew Rossi and Kate Novack
  • 紐約時報暢銷書榜
  • 纽约时报报道温家宝家族财富事件
  • 華盛頓郵報
  • 華爾街日報
  • 紐約郵報
  • 今日美國

備註

  1. 根據The Intercept指出,當時估計的巴勒斯坦死亡人數至少超過33,000人,其中至少有15,000名兒童。
  2. 原文:Obvious wordplay, such as Rubber Industry Bounces Back, “should be tested on a trusted colleague the way mine shaft air is tested on a canary. When no song bursts forth, start rewriting.

腳註

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書本來源

  • Talese, Gay. The Kingdom and the Power 2. Cleveland: World Publishing Company. 1981. 
  • Nagourney, Adam. The Times: How the Newspaper of Record Survived Scandal, Scorn, and the Transformation of Journalism. New York City: Crown Publishing Group. 2023. ISBN 9780451499363. 

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  • What does The New York Times own?. The New York Times. July 20, 2022 [December 30, 2023]. 
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