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一般来说，公民权不存在有效期一说，可允许个人在政治实体内工作、居住和投票，并认同该政治实体，可能还可以获得护照。但亦可能因歧视性法律，例如褫奪公權和种族隔离，使一些公民沦为二等公民。历史上，各个国家的人口大多由臣民组成，而公民权则是一种特殊的身份，它起源于城市人口的特权，例如城市和共和国（特别是古代城邦）中男性公民享有

公民權

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公民權（英語：Citizenship）是指作为一个主权国家之成员的身份以及对其效忠的义务。

尽管在当今的英语世界中，公民权这一概念常常与国籍（nationality）所混淆，但国际法通常不使用“公民身份”一词来指代国籍；这两者在概念上是集体成员身份的不同维度。

一般来说，公民权不存在有效期一说，可允许个人在政治实体内工作、居住和投票，并认同该政治实体，可能还可以获得护照。但亦可能因歧视性法律，例如褫奪公權和种族隔离，使一些公民沦为二等公民。历史上，各个国家的人口大多由臣民组成，而公民权则是一种特殊的身份，它起源于城市人口的特权，例如城市和共和国（特别是古代城邦）中男性公民享有的权利，由此产生了公民体（civitas）以及市民阶层或资产阶级。此后，各国对公民权的范畴进行了扩大，使其大部分国民享有公民权，但各国公民所享有的权利程度有所不同。

注释

  1. Helen Irving has noted that the term allegiance came to be employed as a synonym for citizenship to reflect a status under law rather than to indicate an individual orientation but has argued that the attribution on the part of the citizen to the state has increasingly become intended.
  1. Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006-10-13 [2023-10-03]. 
  2. Irving, Helen. Allegiance, Citizenship and the Law: The Enigma of Belonging. Elgar Studies in Legal Theory. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 2022: 2-3. ISBN 978-1-83910-254-7. 
  3. Citizenship and Participation — Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people. Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people. 2011-08-23 [2023-10-03]. 
  4. Votruba, Martin. Nationality, ethnicity in Slovakia.. Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. [2013-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-25）. 
  5. Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians (PDF). UNHCR and IPU. 2005 [2020-07-16].  |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
  6. International Migration Law No. 34 - Glossary on Migration (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2019-06-19: 143–144. ISSN 1813-2278 （英语）. 
  7. Rütte, Barbara von, Citizenship and Nationality: Terms, Concepts and Rights, The Human Right to Citizenship (Brill Nijhoff), 2022-12-19: 11–57 [2023-11-27], ISBN 978-90-04-51752-3 （英语） 
  8. Sassen, Saskia. 17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship. Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (编). Handbook of Citizenship Studies. SAGE Publications. 2002: 278 [2016-05-06]. ISBN 978-0-7619-6858-0. （原始内容存档于2021-09-30）. 
  9. Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006-10-13 [2023-10-03]. 

拓展阅读

  • Weber, Max. Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities. Chapter 3. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. 1998: 43–49. ISBN 978-0-8166-2880-3. 
  • Zarrow, Peter, Fogel, Joshua A.; Zarrow, Peter G. , 编, Imagining the People: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe: 3, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7656-0098-1 
  • Lawrance, Benjamin N.; Stevens, Jacqueline (编). Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness. Duke University Press. February 2017. ISBN 9780822362913. 
  • Mann, Jatinder (编). Citizenship in Transnational Perspective: Australia, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand. Politics of Citizenship and Migration Series 2nd. Springer International Publishing. October 12, 2023. ISBN 9783031343575. 
  • Parker, Kunal M. Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600-2000. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 5 September 2015. ISBN 9781139343282. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139343282. 
  • Bosniak, Linda. The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. September 28, 2023. ISBN 9780691138282. JSTOR j.ctt7s254. 
  • Kochenov, Dimitry. Citizenship. MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series. The MIT Press. November 12, 2019. ISBN 9780262537797. 
  • Pocock, J. G. A. Shafir, Gershon , 编. The Citizenship Debates. Chapter 2 -- The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in Queen's Quarterly 99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. 1998: 31. ISBN 978-0-8166-2880-3. 
  • Archibugi, Daniele. The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy. Princeton University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4008-2976-7. 
  • Brooks, Thom. Becoming British: UK Citizenship Examined. Biteback. 2016. 
  • Beaven, Brad, and John Griffiths. "Creating the Exemplary Citizen: The Changing Notion of Citizenship in Britain 1870–1939," Contemporary British History (2008) 22#2 pp 203–225 doi:10.1080/13619460701189559
  • Carens, Joseph. Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness. Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-829768-0. 
  • Heater, Derek. A Brief History of Citizenship需要免费注册. NYU Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8147-3672-2. 
  • Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E.; Walton-Roberts, Margaret. The Human Right to Citizenship: A Slippery Concept. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights Series. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2015. ISBN 9780812247176. 
  • Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-19-829091-9. 
  • Maas, Willem. Creating European Citizens. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-5486-3. 
  • Mukherjee, Riya. Citizenship in Dalit and Indigenous Australian Literatures. Routledge. 2024. ISBN 9781003300892. OCLC 1381208006. doi:10.4324/9781003300892. 
  • Marshall, T.H. Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge University Press. 1950. 
  • Shue, Henry. Basic Rights. 1950. 
  • Smith, Rogers. Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-52003-4. 
  • Somers, Margaret. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0. 
  • Soysal, Yasemin. Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. University of Chicago Press. 1994. 
  • Turner, Bryan S. Citizenship and Social Theory. Sage. 1994. ISBN 978-0-8039-8611-4. 
  • Young, Iris Marion. Polity and group difference: A critique of the ideal of universal citizenship. Ethics. January 1989, 99 (2): 250–274. JSTOR 2381434. S2CID 54215809. doi:10.1086/293065. 
  • Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri; et al (编). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2023. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. September 5, 2023.  已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)
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  • BBC PSHE & Citizenship 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-06-19.
  • The Life in the UK Citizenship Test Report by Thom Brooks
  • Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. 扎尔塔, 爱德华·N (编). 《斯坦福哲学百科全书》. 
  • Citizenship Laws of the World (PDF). United States Office of Personnel Management Investigations Service. March 2001 [2007-03-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-04-04）. 
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